Showing posts with label Theology. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Theology. Show all posts

Tuesday, January 8, 2013

Moltmann and the Experience of God

I am rereading a section in Jurgen Moltmann’s The Church in the Power of the Spirit: A Contribution to Messianic Ecclesiology (Minneapolis: Fortress 1993).

An excerpt:

Between the Trinity in its origins before time and the eschatological glorifying and unifying of God lies the whole history of God’s dealings with the world. By opening himself for this history and entering into it in his seeking love through the sending of Christ and the Spirit, God also experiences this history of the world in its breadth and depth….
The history of the Son and of the Spirit therefore brings about, even for God himself within the Trinity, an experience, something ‘new’. After the Son’s exaltation the relationship between the Father and the Son is no longer absolutely the same as before. The Father has become ‘another’ through the Son’s self-giving, and the Son too has become ‘another’ through his experience of suffering in the world. Through his love for the Son, who experiences the sin of the world in his death on the cross, God experiences something which belongs essentially to the redemption of the world: he experiences pain. In the night when the Son dies on the cross, God himself experiences abandonment in the form of this death and this rejection. We must add that this is a new experience for God, for which he has laid himself open and prepared himself from eternity in his seeking love. God experiences the cross, but this also means that he has absorbed this death into eternal life, that he suffers it in order to give the forsaken world his life. Because of that he does not want to be glorified in any other way than through the glorification of the one who was crucified, ‘the Lamb who was slain’ (Rev. 5:12; 7:14; 12:10ff.). (pp. 62-63)
I am impressed and amazed by how Moltmann explains and articulates the “experience” of God within the trinitarian context in relation to the world.

 

Monday, December 10, 2012

Moltmann, Wilderness, Wildness, Newness

In Moltmann: Messianic Theology in the Making (Marshall, 1987), Richard Bauckham wrote in the “Preface”:

I first read Theology of Hope in April 1973, and I remember that first reading as one of the most exciting theological experiences of my life. I do not know many times I have reread it since, in the course of teaching Moltmann’s theology and in preparing this book, but it has proved, along with Moltmann’s later work, a source of constant stimulation and inspiration for my own theological thinking. For this reason, as well as because of the blindingly obvious fact that this book would not exist without his massive contribution to contemporary theology, I owe Jürgen Moltmann himself a very considerable debt of gratitude, greater than prefaces usually record.
I don’t fully understand Jürgen Moltmann’s theology in a lot of ways. But his theology does energize me to think theologically and creatively and look forward to what is yet to come with anticipation and possibility. Moltmann says, “It is through faith that man finds the path of true life, but it is only hope that keeps him on that path” [Theology of Hope (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), p. 20]. How true this statement has been since I read it the first time in the midst of my searching for direction in ministry. It is such hope that has kept me believing and searching for new possibilities in the providential care of God. He who began the good work will bring it on to completion (Phil. 1:6). My calling is bracketed by the beginning and end of God.

Moltmann’s theology excites me to a great extent because he helps me see God in a new way. Nowadays, there is no excitement in Christian discipleship because there is no excitement in knowing God, for God is a domesticated deity, who could be anything but surprise. In our Christian thinking, there is no newness in God. Isaiah’s theology almost disappears in our theological vision: “See, I am doing a new thing! Now it springs up; do you not perceive it? I am making a way in the wilderness and streams in the wasteland” (43:19) How desperate we are in need of Isaiah’s sense of newness in pursuing Christian theology.
There is no clear path in the wilderness because wilderness almost sounds like wildness. Wilderness is a wild place that can no way be tamed. The good news is that when Jesus was with the wild animals in the wilderness and being tempted by Satan, the angels were ministering to him (Mk. 1:12-13). The word “ministering” (Gk. dihko,noun) is in the imperfect tense, suggesting that the angels were ministering or serving Jesus in the whole process.[1] The angels showed up during the forty days and forty nights. From the beginning to the end, Jesus was not alone. The angels were with him in the midst of the wild beasts. As James Edwards writes, “The way of the Son of God has the Father’s blessing, and even in his trials by the archenemy Jesus is sustained by the Father’s celestial attendants.”[2]



[1] Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), p. 541.
[2] James Edwards, The Gospel According to Mark, Pillar New Testament Commentary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Leicester: Apollos, 2002), p. 42.

Thursday, November 29, 2012

Newness

In Theology of Hope (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), Jurgen Moltmann writes:

God is not something in the Beyond, but he is coming and as the coming One he is present. He promises a new world of all-embracing life, of righteousness and truth, and with this promise he constantly calls this world in question—not because to the eye of hope it is as nothing, but because to the eye of the hope it is not yet what it has the prospect of being (p. 164).  
God is not below us, above us, but before us. Instead of us moving towards him, he is coming to us. In the light of his promise, we are not satisfied with what we see in the present, for the present conditions are far from the future conditions as promised by God. The eye of hope does not overlook the problem of the world, escape from it, and create our own utopia. Rather, the eye of hope fully engages with the worldly problems because the cross of Christ grounds the Christian hope in history. The eye of hope is not succumbed to the present-historic contexts because of the not-yet prospect of the promise of the coming kingdom of God. The resurrection of Jesus dealt with death and its evilness, transcended it, and has guaranteed the promise of not-yet in the present. Thus, what is not yet gives us an access to the future horizon of what is to come and allows us to engage prophetically with what is already, which is being transformed within the horizon of the history of the working of God’s promises.

God is before us and coming to us. Newness is possible before us. An anticipation of such newness in life points us to look at the God of promise ahead of us. The future newness keeps us in perspective that what we see and have now will pass away and become obsolete soon in the light of the newness to come.

 

Wednesday, November 28, 2012

Another Theology Is Just Out There

In The Cross in Our Context: Jesus and the Suffering World (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003), Douglas John Hall writes:

We are at the beginning of a period in which many things will have to be tried. A few will work; many will not. But the place where the courage to attempt something different—something by way of participation in the worldly suffering of God—begins is thinking critically about the theology that has accomplished Christendom and asking for another theology. Not just for a new strategy, or greater commitment to social programs, or more exciting liturgies, or more sincere spirituality—no, for a different theology. And I am comforted by the thought that we do not have to invent such a theology. Unlike what passes for art today, theology does not thrive on novelty! The theology that we need is already there, and indeed it is impressively and profoundly there—from the Old Testament onwards! It is really just a matter of letting go of some of our conditioned beliefs and assumptions and allowing what is there to speak to us as we are, where we are, and when we are. (p. 178)

We are always in the theology on the way, constantly searching for a right model for contemporary churches. In the discussion of “the crisis of Christendom” in the West, Douglas Hall points out that many people (young people in particular) confess Christ and yet condemn the church. “Can any apology for the church today realistically provide young people with a positive way of thinking about the link between Christian faith and church affiliation?” (p. 176) This kind of question can only be bridged by theological integrity, sensitivity, and relevance.

I always believe that our theologizing task is locally conditioned by who we are, where we are, and when we are. As long as we, as pastors and leaders, pay enough attention to the experience of the congregation and listen to their needs with great attentiveness, we are almost there to develop another theology to theologize the task of pastoral ministry. We tend to look for another strategy, another program, another commitment, and another slogan to keep the church going. I think that the reason why we want to do that is because we don’t want the experience of a people of God to captivate the direction of ministry. In other words, we, as pastors and leaders, do not want another theology, but our theology in order to make sense in our religious thoughts. As leaders and pastors, we do have the responsibility to discern the direction of the church. But it is theologically and pastorally irresponsible to captivate it at the expense of the whole experience of a people of God. The church is made up of redeemed souls who confess Christ as their Lord and Savior. The experience of this redeemed community helps us discern the guidance of the Holy Spirit in which we discern how to theologize the word of God in this particular local context and integrate it in the congregational experience.
Moltmann said that “to know God is to suffer God…But to suffer means to be changed and transformed.” [Theology of Hope (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), p. 118]. As long as we remain in ourselves and pay little/no attention to a people of God, we live in a closed system in which we remain unchanged and untransformed. We are called to follow Christ, implying that we are called to suffer. We suffer in a sense that our surrounding constantly exposes our idols and we are expected to be confronted, changed, and transformed. Another theology is not developed in our fervent prayer but in the midst of a prayerful community.

Tuesday, October 30, 2012

基督教信仰入門 1

「基督教信仰入門」is the Sunday school material that I prepare for a Cantonese congregation in Indianapolis. I am happy for the opportunity to expound the Bible and explain Christian theology in Cantonese. 廣東話萬歲!


基督教信仰入門第一課                                  

第一課:認識信仰

1. 基督教信仰是甚麽?

a.  麽不是基督教信仰[1]

                   i.   不是某段經文

1.  8:26-40—「腓利就開口從這經文起,對他傳講耶穌。」

2.  7:1-53

3.  聖經是神自己的宏大敘事 (meta-narrative):

a.  創造

b.  墮落

c.  救贖

d.  新的創造

4.  神如何成祂自己的救贖計劃?教會如何參與在其中?

                 ii.   不是個人信念

1.  「信仰最重要的部份是神的命令,不是人的信念。」[2]

                iii.   不是某種屬靈經歷

1.  不能單單依靠個人的(主觀的)屬靈經歷

2.  基督教信仰是建基於耶穌基督這個客觀事實上。基督教信仰不是主觀的,因為它有一個客觀實體耶穌基督。所以,基督教信仰是一門科學,可稱為「神學的科學」(It is called “theological science”)

                 iv.   不是宗教活動[3]

1.  本位的事奉

2.  生活的事奉

3.  聖工的事奉

b.  基督教信仰是:啟示的宗教

                   i.   它是賜予給我們的

                 ii.   它雖要被揭露或拆開

                iii.   它有規範的內容

                 iv.   它對我們有要求
 

2. 基督教信仰作為啟示的宗教是以耶穌基督為中心的           

a.  耶穌基督是上帝對人最終極的啟示。祂是這啟示的中心。

                   i.   1:1814:8-9;西2:9; 來1:3

                 ii.   耶穌基督在啟示錄的神聖自我宣稱:[4]

A
B
B*
A*
1:8
1:17
21:6
22:13
序的結束
視象的開端
視象的結束
的開
基督
基督
阿拉法和
 
 
首先的和末後的
阿拉法和
 
 
 
始與終
阿拉法和
 
首先的和末後的
 
始與終
跟主再來連結
生命連結
生命連結
跟主再來連結
(1:7)
1:18
21:5-6
22:12


b.  哥林多前書15:3-4

                   i.   照聖經所說

                 ii.   為我們的罪死了

1.  祂的死

2.  死的目的

                iii.   而且埋葬了

                 iv.   第三天復活了(林前15:14 17
 

3. 作基督徒是麽意思?

a.  「『作基督徒』的意思是:先認識上帝,認識祂為你做了麽;然後你便在前者的基礎上,認識自己是及該作什麽。認識上帝及祂的作為是人重新認識自我與厘定未來方向的先決條件,人的作為因此只能是回應性及第二義的,不成作基督徒的定性徵。」[5]

                   i.   先認識祂是who he is)和祂爲我們做了 (what he has done)

                 ii.   然後認識自己是 (who we are)該作 (what we should do)

b.  基督徒即是一個跟隨耶穌的人。

                   i.   「基督徒」在新約只出現3次,但「門徒」這詞卻出現263

                 ii.   「門徒」的意思是學生。

c.  馬可福音1:16-20

                   i.   耶穌的呼召:看見,呼召(來跟隨我)

                 ii.   門徒的回應:捨棄,跟隨

1.  神的主權,人的責任



[1] 這四個「不是」自楊牧谷:《基本信仰與超凡生命》(香港:更新資源,1996),頁22-27
[2] 楊牧谷:《基本信仰與超凡生命》,頁24
[3]  蘇文《建造教會的藝術》 (洛杉磯:台福傳播中心,1998),頁190-195
[4] (Richard Bauckham)著,鄧紹光:《啟示錄神學》 二版(香港:基道出版社, 2004)頁78.
[5] 梁家麟:《信主之後》三版 (香港:基道出版社, 1998), 頁7.