Tuesday, February 20, 2018

The Vocation of the Elect




"We are persons in that we are personally addressed by God's election, summoned by the person of Jesus Christ to enact our humanity as God's partner now, fresh every morning. Our chief duty, that which makes us human, is to allow ourselves to be loved by God and enlisted for participation in God's ongoing pageant of salvation in a way that does not contradict God. We are summoned to give thanks, that is, make Eucharist. Our thanksgiving is our responsive, small, but still significant yes that completes the circle of God's great yes. We are free to be in covenant with the God who has freely determined to covenant with us." [William H. Willimon, How Odd of God: Chosen for the Curious Vocation of Preaching (Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2015), p. 51.]



This book is related preaching to God's gracious election based on Karl Barth's theology of election. We preachers don't preach anything new, but keep repeating the old, ancient story that is still relevant to our new emerging contexts. The ups and downs of preaching is secured in God's election that is the ground of pastoral ministry. Pastoral ministry begins with divine calling. Jesus said, "You did not choose me, ut I chose you and appointed you that you should go and bear fruit..." (Jn. 15:16 ESV). In pastoral calling, fruitfulness or not is secondary. What comes first is God's divine selection. He who began a good work will bring it to completion (Phil. 1:6). Christian preaching rests on God's goodness and electing decision. Preaching and pastoral ministry are intertwined with one another. Preachers are elected and called to summon God's grace in a congregation. It is a responsive act of grace: grace is summoned; grace is received.

 

Thursday, May 19, 2016

To Those Seeming

In applying Galatians 2:6: "And from those who seemed to be influential (what they were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality)--those, I say, who seemed influential added nothing to me", Peter Oakes writes:
A God who does not regard reputation is good news for most Christians, then and now. Belief in such a God also relieves the pressure to expend energy in seeking status and reputation....Galatians 2:6 suggests that there is something wrong with their vision of God if members of a church do not interact with one another as equals, if they do not resist carrying across into church life either the status ranking endemic in society or the new status ranking that easily grows up within a group that meets over a long period, such as a church. In the first century, this required avoiding both carrying Greco-Roman household hierarchies into assembly life and also inventing new hierarchies... [Galatians, Paideia Commentaries on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2015), p. 74.]

Tuesday, May 17, 2016

Historiography: A Purposeful Presentation

"Historiography is not the mere statement of facts but the shaping of these facts for a particular purpose. To put it another way, historiography is an attempt to relay to someone the significance of history....All historiography is a literary product, which means it is about people writing down (or transmitting orally) their version of that history. In other words, historiography is by definition an interpretive exercise....Anyone who communicates historical events must be very selective about what is communicated. You simply can't say everything, nor would you want to. You say only those things that are important to the point you want to get across. Also, you will say those things in such a way that will drive your point home. In other words, this presentation, this literary product, looks the way it does because the author has a purpose in mind for why those events should be reported. The presentation is not divorced from the events, but it is a purposeful representation of those events." Peter Enns, Inspiration and Incarnation: Evengelicals and the Problem of the Old Testament, second edition (Grand Rapids: Baker Academic, 2015), pp. 48-50.

Wednesday, January 7, 2015

The Completion of My Doctoral Degree


My PhD dissertation is entitled “Missional God, Missional Church: An Examination of Jürgen Moltmann’s Trinitarian Ecclesiology and Its Implications for the Missional Conversation in North America.” I defended it successfully on January 6, 2015. I thank the Triune God for leading me this far. This picture was taken after the oral defense in Jerome Hall at Concordia Theological Seminary, Fort Wayne, IN.

From left to right: Dr. David Coles (reader), Dr. Paul J. Grime (reader), Wing Lam, and Dr. Klaus Detlev Schulz (advisor)

Saturday, November 15, 2014

耶穌生平:君尊義僕與天國使命 8


耶穌生平:君尊義僕與天國使命 八

 

耶穌在猶大的事工:往耶路撒冷去(可10:1-52;太19:1-20:34;路9:51-19:27

 

I.     由猶大到耶路撒冷

 

a.  馬可和馬太沒有多記錄耶穌朝向耶路撒冷的路程。他們只是簡單記錄耶穌離開加利利進入猶大(太191-2;可101)。但路加特別注重耶穌朝向耶路撒冷的路程由加利利到猶大到耶路撒冷。

b.  耶穌定意向耶路撒去(路9:21)。這「定意」是希臘文dei—the journey of divine fate.

                        i.   門徒的訓練:跟隨基督就是參與祂這段路程。9:51-19:44是耶穌面向耶路撒冷、在路上教導門徒如何跟隨。

                      ii.   門徒的分散在耶路撒冷,因著耶穌的十字架,他們害怕失望分散了scatter)。

                    iii.   門徒的更新:因著耶穌的復活,門徒在耶路撒冷被召聚(gather),領受聖靈,得著更新(路24:46-49;徒1:4-5)。

 

II.    第一次提到耶路撒冷(路951-1321

 

a.  撒瑪利亞是這段路程的起點(路9:52)。

                        i.   撒瑪利亞人是混種的(a mixed race)(王下17)。【在722年,以色列被亞述打敗,亞述人搬進耶路撒冷,以色列人與他們通婚。

                      ii.   「純正」的以色列人與他們沒有來往,更不會去撒瑪利亞這個地方但耶穌定意走過撒瑪利亞

                    iii.   在這背景下,撒瑪利亞人的比喻對門徒便特別有意思。

1.  律法師說:「誰是我的鄰舍呢?」(路10:29

2.  耶穌基本上的答案是:「你的敵人。

3.  門徒要如何跟隨?

b.  9:57-62

                        i.   作門徒的代價

1.  三種類型的跟隨者

2.  耶穌說:「他們不配進神的國。」

                      ii.   在起初的路程,耶穌講明跟隨的要求和代價。跟隨不能向後望[1]

                    iii.   潘霍Bonhoeffer)說:「門徒聽了宣召以後,就與以前的生活一刀兩斷,耶穌叫人跟從的呼聲立刻產生新環境。停留在舊環境中是不可能作門徒的。。。被召的人必須離開那使他不能相信的環境,進入那使他有可能相信的環境,這是最重要的。。。新的環境必須創造出來,以使他們有可能相信耶穌就是上帝成了肉身;這就是所謂下注於耶穌的話的那種難堪的環境了。為了知道他自己的軟弱和主的全能,彼得必須離開他的船,行在海面上冒險。假如彼得不冒這個險,他會永遠不知道信心的意義。」[2]

 

III.  第二次提到耶路撒冷(13:22-17:10)

 

a.  這是耶穌在路加路程的記述中的第二個階段。有人問:「主啊,得救的人少嗎?」(路13:23)。耶穌回答說:「你們要努力進窄門。我告訴你們,將來有許多人想要進去,卻是不能」(13:24)。

                        i.   這不是靠行為得救,而是努力去聆聽和服從耶穌的話。[3]

                      ii.   不聽、不服從耶穌的人,不能進神的國。

b.  在這一大段裡,引導的問題是:誰能與神的國有份?

                        i.   耶穌挑戰法利賽人的虛榮和自傲,因他們喜歡坐在首位上(路14:1-14

                      ii.   耶穌挑戰群眾若不愛我勝過。。(14:25-35)。

 

IV.    第三次提到耶路撒冷(路1711-1944

 

a.  第三次定意向耶路撒冷去的中(1711-1944),他們問,「神的國幾時來到?」耶穌說,「神的國在你們心裏」(1720-21)。神的國幾時來到不是最重要的問題。最重要是人如何回應。

b.  法利賽人和稅吏禱告的比喻正是教導門徒應如何作出適當的改變和回應。這改變/轉化是對神國來臨的一種準備。神國來臨時我們有没有作好準備,這是致為重要的教導。

c.  18:9-14

                        i.   經文的結構

1.  背景(189

2.  二人在聖殿禱告(1810-13

a.  二人的身分(1810

b.  法利賽人的禱告(1811-12

c.  稅吏的禱告(1813

3.  耶穌的教導(1814

a.  誰在神的眼中倒算為義?(1814上)

b.  耶穌的教訓(1814下)

 

                      ii.   歷史文

1.  稅吏收稅的人他們用好多錢買這個位置。他們理所當然會用所有的方法去賺取更大的利潤。人民自然是受害者。加上稅吏生活腐敗。他們是不受歡迎的一,亦不能入聖殿。

2.  法利賽人:[4] 其實他們是愛神的一群。法利賽的意思是「分別」。 猶大國在主前587亡。主前539回歸耶路撒冷。由第六世紀到第一世紀,猶大國一直受被外邦治。到主後167-164年,馬加比起義發生,因為一個外邦君王禁止猶太人舉行任何宗教活動。没有這些宗教活動,他們慢慢失去其身份。他們需要新的方法跟從神。法利賽人是從這個背景出來的。他們嚴謹遵行律法來定神子民的身份。

a.  但人是傾向律法主義的。 我能遵行,便代表我愛神。慢慢地,在法利賽人的心中,神已被律法代。他們亦要求別人嚴謹遵行所有的律法。不然,他們便不起別人。

b.  189—「耶穌向那些仗著自己是義人,藐視別人的。。。」便是這個意思。

3.  聖殿:它位於耶路撒冷的山上。 所以,「有兩個人殿裏去禱告」(1810

                    iii.   應用禱告的意是與上帝對話。上帝必然是我們禱告的對象。但這法利賽人是向自己「禱告」,即是,不是禱告。法利賽人的態度和禱告內容是一回事,但這是不是一個禱告是另一事。一個被上帝稱為「義」的人,是一個看到自己「不義」的人,更不會因自己的「義行」藐視不義的人,因為我們在得的事上,完全靠賴基督的義。因著基督的義,我們在被上帝稱為義。



[1] Darrell Bock writes, “To be a disciple worthy of the kingdom means that the old attachments are severed so that one does not long for the old life.” Jesus According to Scripture (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002, p. 251.
[2]潘霍華:《追隨基督——作門徒的代價》,第七版(香港:道聲,2002),頁32-33
[3] Darrell Bock, Luke 9:51-24:53 (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996), p. 1234.
[4] N. T. Wright, The New Testament and the People of God (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992), pp. 181-203.

耶穌生平:君尊義僕與天國使命 7


耶穌生平:君尊義僕與天國使命 七            

 

第七課:由對耶穌的認信到祂預言自己受難

 

I.     彼得的認信

 

a.  轉捩點

                   i.   彼得的認信,即使是很有限,可說是在福音書的轉捩點。

1.  耶穌問:人說我是誰?

2.  彼得說:你是基督。

                 ii.   耶穌沒有解釋,但叫他們不要告訴人(silence)。神在基督裡的啟示是需要人的靜默。

1.  身分與使命

2.  時間與彰顯

                iii.   各人對耶穌有不同的理解。但「你們」說我是誰?

b.  該撒利亞腓立比

                   i.   這是一個充滿異教色彩的地方(a pagan city)[1]

                 ii.   耶穌的彌賽亞的身分在最不期待的地方彰顯。

1.  多元文化與跟從基督

2.  對基督的認信不是單單在教會裡面的,而是在世界裡、人群中。

 

II.    由門徒的理解到耶穌的自我理解

 

a.  耶穌第一次預言自己的受害和受死(太16:21-23;可8:31-33;路9:22)。

                   i.   自從彼得的認信之後, 耶穌開始直接告訴門徒彌賽亞的身分和使命跟受苦分不開。彼得的認信是對的。但缺乏受苦的內容。

                 ii.   馬可和馬太更明確說:「從此」,耶穌便清楚說明祂的工作與受苦、苦難分不開。同時表示對門徒訓練開始進到新的階段,要求更深的委身。

b.  耶穌第二次預言自己的受害和受死(太17:22-23;可9:30-32;路9:43-45)。

                   i.    耶穌繼續講到祂的受苦和受難。但還未提到耶路撒冷的路程。

                 ii.   馬可和路加說門徒不明白耶穌的意思。

                iii.   馬太說:門徒就大大地憂愁(17:23)。

                 iv.   福音書明確讓我們知道門徒的遲鈍和慢。若他們是早期教會的領導者,他們應該不是這個模樣。但聖經如實報道,聖經的歷史內容是相當真確的。[2]

c.  耶穌第三次預言自己的受害和受死(太20:17-19;可10:32-34;路18:31-34)。

                   i.   馬可告訴我們門徒和群眾朝向耶路撒冷進發。但他們不知道有甚麼事情將會發生在耶穌身上。

                 ii.   馬可比較詳細,提到人子會被長老、祭司長和文士棄絕和被殺。

                iii.   馬太沒有提到殺害和吐唾沫在祂臉上。

                 iv.   路加提到耶穌的受苦是要應驗先知所寫的(18:31)。



[1] Craig S. Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament (Downers Grove: IVP, 1993), p. 156.
[2] “As such, the case for its historical credibility is strong.” Darrell L. Bock, Jesus According to Scripture: Restoring the Portrait from the Gospels (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002), p. 238.