Thursday, November 29, 2012

Newness

In Theology of Hope (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), Jurgen Moltmann writes:

God is not something in the Beyond, but he is coming and as the coming One he is present. He promises a new world of all-embracing life, of righteousness and truth, and with this promise he constantly calls this world in question—not because to the eye of hope it is as nothing, but because to the eye of the hope it is not yet what it has the prospect of being (p. 164).  
God is not below us, above us, but before us. Instead of us moving towards him, he is coming to us. In the light of his promise, we are not satisfied with what we see in the present, for the present conditions are far from the future conditions as promised by God. The eye of hope does not overlook the problem of the world, escape from it, and create our own utopia. Rather, the eye of hope fully engages with the worldly problems because the cross of Christ grounds the Christian hope in history. The eye of hope is not succumbed to the present-historic contexts because of the not-yet prospect of the promise of the coming kingdom of God. The resurrection of Jesus dealt with death and its evilness, transcended it, and has guaranteed the promise of not-yet in the present. Thus, what is not yet gives us an access to the future horizon of what is to come and allows us to engage prophetically with what is already, which is being transformed within the horizon of the history of the working of God’s promises.

God is before us and coming to us. Newness is possible before us. An anticipation of such newness in life points us to look at the God of promise ahead of us. The future newness keeps us in perspective that what we see and have now will pass away and become obsolete soon in the light of the newness to come.

 

Wednesday, November 28, 2012

Another Theology Is Just Out There

In The Cross in Our Context: Jesus and the Suffering World (Minneapolis: Fortress, 2003), Douglas John Hall writes:

We are at the beginning of a period in which many things will have to be tried. A few will work; many will not. But the place where the courage to attempt something different—something by way of participation in the worldly suffering of God—begins is thinking critically about the theology that has accomplished Christendom and asking for another theology. Not just for a new strategy, or greater commitment to social programs, or more exciting liturgies, or more sincere spirituality—no, for a different theology. And I am comforted by the thought that we do not have to invent such a theology. Unlike what passes for art today, theology does not thrive on novelty! The theology that we need is already there, and indeed it is impressively and profoundly there—from the Old Testament onwards! It is really just a matter of letting go of some of our conditioned beliefs and assumptions and allowing what is there to speak to us as we are, where we are, and when we are. (p. 178)

We are always in the theology on the way, constantly searching for a right model for contemporary churches. In the discussion of “the crisis of Christendom” in the West, Douglas Hall points out that many people (young people in particular) confess Christ and yet condemn the church. “Can any apology for the church today realistically provide young people with a positive way of thinking about the link between Christian faith and church affiliation?” (p. 176) This kind of question can only be bridged by theological integrity, sensitivity, and relevance.

I always believe that our theologizing task is locally conditioned by who we are, where we are, and when we are. As long as we, as pastors and leaders, pay enough attention to the experience of the congregation and listen to their needs with great attentiveness, we are almost there to develop another theology to theologize the task of pastoral ministry. We tend to look for another strategy, another program, another commitment, and another slogan to keep the church going. I think that the reason why we want to do that is because we don’t want the experience of a people of God to captivate the direction of ministry. In other words, we, as pastors and leaders, do not want another theology, but our theology in order to make sense in our religious thoughts. As leaders and pastors, we do have the responsibility to discern the direction of the church. But it is theologically and pastorally irresponsible to captivate it at the expense of the whole experience of a people of God. The church is made up of redeemed souls who confess Christ as their Lord and Savior. The experience of this redeemed community helps us discern the guidance of the Holy Spirit in which we discern how to theologize the word of God in this particular local context and integrate it in the congregational experience.
Moltmann said that “to know God is to suffer God…But to suffer means to be changed and transformed.” [Theology of Hope (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), p. 118]. As long as we remain in ourselves and pay little/no attention to a people of God, we live in a closed system in which we remain unchanged and untransformed. We are called to follow Christ, implying that we are called to suffer. We suffer in a sense that our surrounding constantly exposes our idols and we are expected to be confronted, changed, and transformed. Another theology is not developed in our fervent prayer but in the midst of a prayerful community.

Saturday, November 24, 2012

自行餵養的群體

Taken from http://christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/ShowNews.jsp?Nid=75580&Pid=1&Version=0&Cid=145&Charset=big5_hkscs (assessed 11/24/2012)

再思自行餵養                      胡志偉 

  當前教會面對的內部對挑戰是走出牧養「項目化」的心態,重新回到「以人為本」的牧養取向。當牧養於堂會成為不同「項目式」事工,不同教牧同工嘗試把最熱門與受歡迎的事工款式植入堂會之內,於是兒童事工或青少年事工就「外判」予外界機構了。項目事工有一定的時限,要交一定的服務數據;重要是出席率或參與人數,並非著眼於受眾的長期關係及成長需求。

  有牧者認為,坊間神學院與機構有這麽多課程,堂會的主日學或培訓根本難以競爭,不如取消本身已經人數不多的課程。現時,神學院與機構推出不同課程,百花齊放,選擇甚多。可惜是大多課程只是質素的提升(有好的講師、資訊、場地與願意學習的信徒),卻未能提升信徒成為「自行餵養」(self- feeding)的門徒。

  神學院與機構注重的自然是招生,重要是市場佔有率;有學生心滿意足取了資訊,還要期望甚麽?教會長期存在不健康的「共依存」(co-dependent)關係,指向信徒長期要依賴專業教牧與講師,才能維持信仰。「共依存」信徒的問題是長期要依賴講座與課程,不能自行查考聖經與獨立思考,始終停留信仰幼稚化的階段。

  從「自行餵養」的角度看,現有課程的不足是其「單向式」教導,未能培育堂會成為「學習的群體」(learning community)。這說明了我們宗教教育的失敗,就是怎樣養成鼓勵與推動信徒自行學習的文化土壤。當不少堂會要推行「門訓」,關鍵不在於哪套課程最合適,乃是我們有否塑造門徒的文化?

  堂會有否建構良好的學習「平台」,讓信徒能互換資訊,並能有持續與深入的關係(這正是堂會以外不能提供的),坦誠分享,一起成長。從宗教教育角度看,「聚會」最大作用不是提供全部內容,乃是供應有關內容的思考,或指引信徒如何自行發掘真理(網絡資訊與書刊等),從而深化信仰,這才是「自行餵養」所達成。

  要走出「聚會主義」,幫助信徒能「自行餵養」,教牧必須重新調整牧養方向與資源分配。我們要有勇氣,告別牧養項目化,重視「以人為本」的發展,教練與賦權他人,這是我們要走的緩慢成長之路。

Wednesday, November 21, 2012

基督教信仰入門 2

基督教信仰入門第二課​​​​​​                                

 
第二課: 認識救恩


1. 甚麽是救恩?

a.  「得救解釋作拯救,表示從危險,滅亡中拯救出來。得救已假定人原是在滅亡中,或者屈服在罪惡底下,被控制在魔鬼手中。得救最主要是從罪和滅亡中解脫出來,罪會使人滅亡,如果人沒有滅亡的危機,就不需要得救。因之,滅亡與得救恰好相反。」[1] 

b.  所以,救恩就是救贖的恩典,將我們從危險境況中解救出來。這救恩強調神解決了人類一個極大的困境,而這個困境是人類本身完全沒有辦法解決的

c.  得救就是從一個危險的境況中,被拯救出來,放在安全的地位。這安全的地位是屬靈的,因為發生在耶穌基督裡。


2.  救恩的起因

a.  上帝的特徵 character

                   i.   聖潔
1.  712278418918999;賽145192463

2.  祂的聖潔是我們效法的榜樣(利1921144-45;彼前116

a.  為何上帝的聖潔在教會和信徒中如此不被重視?[2]

                                                i.   上帝己被教會和信徒邊緣化。祂的旨意和特性跟我們日常生活沒有關係,我們亦不想跟祂有真正的關係。

                                              ii.   追求和培養美德是困難的。敗壞的人性亦不喜歡跟上帝的聖潔打交道(羅87)。

1.  道德冷感vs.神的聖潔

                                            iii.   過分或單單高舉神的愛。談論神的聖潔會冒犯人,人喜歡聽神是愛。喜歡被接受,但不需要改過。

                 ii.   慈愛(hesed

1.  舊約

a.  「耶和華在他面前宣告說:耶和華,耶和華,是有憐憫有恩典的神,不輕易發怒,並有豐盛的慈愛(hesed)和誠實。」(出34:6[3]

b.  神的慈愛最能代表神與人的關係。神的慈愛不能單單用「愛」來表達,在聖經裡,「慈愛」包含恩慈,憐憫,忠誠,責任和義務。「慈愛」往往在立約的關係中理解。在舊約中,神和以色列的關係被理解為「立約的愛」(申79121;王上823;尼15932;但94「慈愛」常常用來表達神對人的關係(佔了三分二)。只有一些時候用來表達人對神的關係(耶22;何646[4]

2.  新約

a.  的愛

                                                i.   神的愛,基督的死,人的罪5:8

b.  「神就是愛」(約壹4:8

                                                i.   無盡的

                                              ii.   無條件的

                iii.   公義

1.  「神是公義的意思是神常常按著怎麼是對來行事和祂自己就是對的表準。」[5]

2.  34:6-7;申32:4; 4519

3.  面對著世人都犯了罪這景況,神不能不理會。因祂慈愛的本性,祂不願懲罰罪人,反而想拯救他們。但神公義的本性,祂不能,亦不會漠視人的罪惡。所以,神因著祂的慈愛和公義,成就救贖,而這救贖就是耶穌基督。

b.  人的需要

                   i.   羅馬書 118-320

1.  外邦人 (1:18-32

2.  猶太人(2:1-3:8

3.  普世的人(3:9-20

                 ii.   人活在罪惡中和神的憤怒中(1183:19-20

c.  上帝的需要

                   i.   「神設立耶穌作挽回祭[6],是憑著耶穌的血,藉著人的信,要顯明神的義;因為他用忍耐的心寬容人先時所犯的罪。」(羅馬書3:25

1.  贖罪Expiation (dealing with sin and guilt)

2.  息怒Propitiation (appeasing God)

                 ii.   「上帝的忿怒被挽回,人所犯的罪被耶穌代贖,上帝得補償(satisfaction,律法的主得到滿足。」[7]


3. 救恩的目的:救贖

a.  「因基督也曾一次為罪受苦(有古卷作:受死),就是義的代替不義的,為要引我們到神面前。按著肉體說,他被治死;按著靈性說,他復活了。」(彼前318

b.  「基督教的中心信息是救贖。救贖把上帝與世界接連起來。上帝與受造之物本來相處無間,可惜,因為人犯了罪,使上帝與萬物隔絕。上帝的美善、全能,全愛使祂肯定所造的原為美好,所以並不向犯罪的受造物橫施毀滅。反之,祂肯定所造的,所以施行救贖,這種『肯定』使萬物有了價值,也使人有了能被贖的條件。人在得贖的過程中經驗了客觀和主觀的經驗:基督對人得救的應許,人對基督救贖的經驗。」[8]

                   i.   我們從甚麽被拯救出來?Saved from What?

1.  神的憤怒 (羅1:18

2.  罪的支配(羅3:9

3.  死的權勢(羅5:21

4.  世界的價值觀 (羅121;約壹5:19

5.  脫去從前行為上的舊人 (弗4:17-24

                 ii.   我們如何被拯救出來?Saved by What/Who?

1.  著基督:「如今卻蒙神的恩典,因基督耶穌的救贖,就白白的稱義。」(3:24

2.  藉著基督:「我們藉這愛子的血得蒙救贖,過犯得以赦免,乃是照他豐富的恩典。」(弗1:7

3.  在基督裡(羅81-2;弗1:1;林前1:2

                iii.   我們爲甚麽被拯救出來?Saved for What?

1.  縱的面:三一上帝 (創造主)

2.  橫的面:他人和世界(創造物)

3.  --世界復和的關係(林後518-20
 

4. 救恩的向度

a.  聖經的觀點[9]

                   i.   保羅對哥林多教會說:「祂曾救我們脫離那極大的死亡,現在仍要救我們,並且我們指望祂將來仍要救我們。」(林後110)

1.  過去:指一個人認罪和相信基督時,他以被寬恕,脫離神的憤怒和罪的權勢,得享永生。

2.  現在:指信徒現在各方面的需要。例如:在靈性上;在生活上;在情緒上;在身體上

3.  將來:指主再來時,信徒身體的復活的身體,是榮耀的,永存的。

b.  神學的觀點

                   i.   過去:創造論

1.  「創造論是關乎世界的過去,也是關於世界屬誰、主權歸誰的問題。」[10] 我們從何處來?我們活在這個世界中,跟這世界屬誰有甚麼關係?

2.  「我信上帝,全能的父」:這是一項至為重要的認信。若我們相信的對象不是全能,祂便不是上帝。若這位全能的上帝高高在上,不能跟人發生任何關係,祂的所謂全能亦與我們沒有關係。

3.  「基督教信仰是先肯定,後進深;不是從問題產生懷疑,再由懷疑去確定,始踏出第一步。這樣,人是永遠不能踏出第一步的。」[11]

4.  理性,體驗,經歷

                 ii.   現在:救贖論

1.  我們屬於誰?

2.  我們現在為甚麼存活?

3.  我們的人生使命是甚麼?

                iii.   將來:末世論

1.  我們往哪裏去?

2.  我們期盼甚麼?

3.  我們有多少把握?
 

5. 得救的確據

a.  「凡接待祂的,就是信祂名的人,祂就賜他們權柄作神的兒女。」(112)

b.  「我實實在在的告訴你們,那聽我話、又信差我來者的,就有永生;不至於定罪,是已經出死入生了。」(5:24

c.  「我實實在在的告訴你們,信的人有永生 。」(約6:47

d.  「我將這些話寫給你們信奉神兒子之名的人,要叫你們知道自己有永生。」(約壹513)
 

6.  得救的三個階段[12]

a.  起點: 「你們得救是本乎恩。」(以弗所書25下,8上)

b.  過程: 神拯救的工作和人得救的工夫(腓立比書2:12-13

c.  終點:「但受造之物仍然指望脫離敗壞的轄制,得享(享 :原文是入 )神兒女 自由的榮耀。。。我們得救是在乎盼望」(羅8:2124上;8:18-25

 



[1] 周聯華: 《神學綱要》卷二 台灣:基督教文藝出版社, 2010),頁396
[2] 衛爾斯著,呂素琴譯:《孤獨的神:後現代的福音派信仰危機》 (香港:天道,2003),頁117-120。(英文版:David F. Wells, God in the Wasteland: The Reality Truth in a World of Fading Dreams [Grand Rapids: Eerdmans; Leicester: InterVarsity Press, 1994], pp. 133-136.
[3] NIV: “Abounding (lit., great) in love.” Or “Great in covenant love [loyalty].” 在評論神的「豐盛的慈愛」 (ds,x,î-br:, Exod. 34:6), Douglas K. Stuart 寫到, “It connotes long-term, reliable loyalty of one member of a covenant relationship to another. However fickle and unreliable humans may be in their relationship to God, he is nothing of the sort but can be counted on in every situation and at all times to be completely faithful to his promises for his people.” Exodus, New American Commentary 2 (Nashville: Broadman and Holman, 2006), p. 716.
[4] Robin Routledge, Old Testament Theology: A Thematic Approach (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 2008), pp. 108-110.
[5] “God's righteousness means that God always acts in accordance with what is right and is himself the final standard of what is right.” Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), p. 204.
[6]i`lasth,rion (Gk.):亦可釋作「贖罪祭」《新釋本》
[7]楊慶球:《會遇系統神學:真理與信仰體驗的,(香港:中國神學研究院, 2001), 161
[8]楊慶球:「救贖論」,《壞鬼神學楊牧谷編(香港:更新資源出版社,2000),頁171
[9]蘇穎智:《認識救恩》,新修版香港:全心出版社,2004),頁13-15
[10]楊牧谷:《基本信仰與超凡生命》(香港:更新資源出版社1996),頁36
[11]楊牧谷:《基本信仰與超凡生命》,頁65
[12]周聯華: 《神學綱要》卷二,頁397-399